28 research outputs found

    Can Mediterranean terroirs withstand climate change ? Case studies at the Alentejo portuguese winegrowing region

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    XII Congreso Internacional TerroirClimate change introduced new challenges to vinegrowers in the Mediterranean areas such as the hot and dry winegrowing region of Alentejo, south Portugal. Warmer and drier conditions are harmful for grape yield and berry quality attributes and for vine’s longevity, mainly when optimal thresholds are exceeded. Therefore winegrowers are forced to move from rainfed to irrigated production systems making Alentejo’ wine production strongly based on available water resources for irrigation. This work aims to review and discuss ecophysiological and agronomical data obtained in irrigation trials set up at different terroirs of Alentejo. In the last four decades, classical bioclimatic temperature-based indices showed a significantly positive trend, while the dryness index present a negative trend over time. Furthermore, ecophysiological data collected in deficit irrigation experiments are reviewed and discussed, focusing on the effects of drought and heat stress on vigour, yield and berry composition. Emphasis is given on the indirect effects of leaf senescence on cluster exposure and consequences on berry temperature and composition. In order to promote the sustainability and quality of wine production in these hot and dry terroirs short- to longterm adaptation measures are suggested. The limitations and risks of using deficit irrigation during heat waves are also underlinedinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Changes in cell/tissue organization and peroxidase activity as markers for early detection of graft incompatibility in peach/plum combinations

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    9 páginas, 3 figuras, 4 tablas -- PAGS nros. 9-17Changes in cell and tissue organization and in peroxidase activity have been analyzed to find early markers to predict graft incompatibility occurrence in peach/plum combinations (Prunus persica/Prunus spp.) at 5 months after grafting in the dormancy period. Different compatible and incompatible peach/plum grafts were grown for 5 months in a nursery. The cellular study of the graft interface revealed structural changes associated with graft incompatibility symptoms. The main structural features were cambium cell disorganization, less differentiation of vascular tissues, degeneration of phloem and xylem cells, and accumulation of phenols at the graft interface after 5 months of graft development. The peroxidase study was performed during dormancy and the vegetative growth period, and revealed a significant increase in peroxidase activity in the incompatible unions, with significant differences between compatible and incompatible grafts. Analysis of gel profiles of nonbudded rootstocks and scions revealed an anodal isoperoxidase band [relative front (Rf) = 0.48] present in scions and compatible rootstocks, and another isoperoxidase band (Rf = 0.53) only present in the incompatible rootstocks. Our results show that the analysis of cell organization to detect early structural events and the evaluation of peroxidase activity at graft unions constituted feasible and convenient methods for early diagnosis of graft incompatibility. Also, it was suggested that the presence of band Rf = 0.48 in plum rootstocks and peach cultivars could be used as a marker to predict graft compatibility for peach scions and plum rootstocksFinancial support was provided by Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología (project nos. AGL2005-05533 and AGL2008-00283/AGR, partially founded by BFU2008-00203 and AGL2008-04255), by the CONSID-DGA A 44, and by a fellowship granted to O.Z. from the Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional (AECI)Peer reviewe

    Composición, calidad y estabilidad oxidativa de aceite de oliva virgen procedente de algunas variedades salvajes seleccionadas de aceitunas (Olea europaea L. subsp. oleaster)

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    A study on the characterization of virgin olive oils from wild olives (Olea europaea L. subsp. oleaster) was conducted in order to define new cultivars which are welladapted to the Tunisian environment and yield high quality oils. The study was done during the crop years 2003/04, 2004/05 and 2005/06. The main analytical parameters of the oils were evaluated: fatty acid compositions, chlorophylls, carotenoids, tocopherols and phenolic compounds as well as their relationship with oxidative stability. The fatty acid composition of all the wild olive trees tested produced virgin olive oil which complies with commercial standards, as well as for their appreciable amounts of tocopherols and phenolic compounds. Tocopherol analysis by HPLC revealed the presence of α, β, γ and δ tocopherols in all the studied olive oils. Total tocopherol content was significantly influenced by the varietal factor. It ranged from 310 (SB12) to 780 mg/kg (H3). As for total tocopherols, the amount of each tocopherol varied according to genotype. α tocopherol is the most prominent, whereas β, γ and δ tocopherols are less represented. Results showed a clear influence of total phenols and o-diphenols on virgin olive oil stability (R = 0.905, 0.963 PEn este trabajo se han caracterizado los aceites obtenidos a partir de siete acebuches previamente seleccionados entre varias poblaciones de Olea europea L. Subsp. oleaster. El estudio se llevó a cabo durante las campañas de producción 2003/04, 2004/05 y 2005/06.Varios parámetros analíticos fueron evaluados: composiciones en ácidos grasos, pigmentos, tocoferoles, fenoles; así mismo, se investigó la relación de estos parámetros con la estabilidad de los aceites. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que todas las muestras de frutos de acebuche produjeron aceites cuya composición de ácidos grasos, tocoferoles y compuestos fenólicos cumplió las normas comerciales para aceite de oliva virgen del Comité Oleícola Internacional. El análisis de los tocoferoles con el HPLC reveló la presencia de las formas α, β, γ y δ en todos los aceites de oliva estudiados. El contenido total de tocoferoles estuvo claramente influido por la variedad, oscilando entre 310 mg/kg en SB12 hasta 780 mg/kg en H3. La forma α de los tocoferoles fue la más importante mientras que de las formas β, γ y δ se hallaron menores contenidos. Los resultados indicaron una clara influencia de los fenoles y de los o-difenoles en la estabilidad de los aceites vírgenes de oliva (R = 0.905, 0.963 con P < 10-3, respectivamente), y una contribución mucho más baja de los tocoferoles (R = 0.568) y de los ácidos grasos (R = 0,563)

    The effect of drought memory on grapevine physio logical responses to water deficit and recovery

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    To cope with water stress, grapevine developed efficient adaptation mechanisms to transfer water from roots to shoots, mediated by an efficient stomatal control of transpiration. Each variety has a specific water use regulation response under drought, which is important to study. In the present work, we explored the influence of the field-grown genotypes’ drought memory in the drought-response phenotype of their vegetative progenies, in Trincadeira (isohydric) and Castelão (anisohydric) cultivars under a drought event followed by recovery. These progenies were subjected to full irrigation (FI) and non-irrigation (NI) for five years in the field, and their progenies were in grown in a glasshouse and subjected to a well-watered and a water- stress treatment, followed by recovery. NI progenies from both cultivars had improved gas exchange parameters, better total plant hydraulic conductance under drought, and faster recovery than FI progenies. Nocturnal transpiration was affected both by progeny and treatment. Leaf wax content was significantly enhanced by WS both in FI and NI progenies, but it was higher in NI progenies. Although isohydric and anisohydric genotypes exhibited different drought acclimation responses due to their inner genetic behavior, their underlying hydraulic, stomatal and photosynthetic regulatory mechanisms were also affected by historical origin

    Distinctive phytohormonal and metabolic profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana and Eutrema salsugineum under similar soil drying

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    Main conclusions: Arabidopsis and Eutrema show similar stomatal sensitivity to drying soil. In Arabidopsis, larger metabolic adjustments than in Eutrema occurred, with considerable differences in the phytohormonal responses of the two species. Although plants respond to soil drying via a series of concurrent physiological and molecular events, drought tolerance differs greatly within the plant kingdom. While Eutrema salsugineum (formerly Thellungiella salsuginea) is regarded as more stress tolerant than its close relative Arabidopsis thaliana, their responses to soil water deficit have not previously been directly compared. To ensure a similar rate of soil drying for the two species, daily soil water depletion was controlled to 5–10% of the soil water content. While partial stomatal closure occurred earlier in Arabidopsis (Day 4) than Eutrema (from Day 6 onwards), thereafter both species showed similar stomatal sensitivity to drying soil. However, both targeted and untargeted metabolite analysis revealed greater response to drought in Arabidopsis than Eutrema. Early peaks in foliar phytohormone concentrations and different sugar profiles between species were accompanied by opposing patterns in the bioactive cytokinin profiles. Untargeted analysis showed greater metabolic adjustment in Arabidopsis with more statistically significant changes in both early and severe drought stress. The distinct metabolic responses of each species during early drought, which occurred prior to leaf water status declining, seemed independent of later stomatal closure in response to drought. The two species also showed distinct water usage, with earlier reduction in water consumption in Eutrema (Day 3) than Arabidopsis (Day 6), likely reflecting temporal differences in growth responses. We propose Arabidopsis as a promising model to evaluate the mechanisms responsible for stress-induced growth inhibition under the mild/moderate soil drying that crop plants are typically exposed to

    Castleman's Disease: An Intrapulmonary Form with Intrafissural Development

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    Castleman's disease (CD) is an uncommon, mainly benign, lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, mostly involving the mediastinum. Parenchymal lung involvement of the disease is exceedingly rare. We describe a case of CD in a 23-year-old woman with a 4-year history of recurring dyspnea and nonproductive cough, whose chest X-ray showed an abnormal shadow of the right hilum. Chest computed tomography confirmed the presence of a tissue-density mass of the right lower lobe, demonstrating poor contrast enhancement, associated with multiple laterotracheal and mediastinal lymphadenopathies. The patient underwent curative surgery, revealing a right hilar compressive mass, with an intrafissural development between the superior and middle lobes. Pneumonectomy was performed due to profuse bleeding. This case of CD is particular because of its unusual intrapulmonary location and its intrafissural development. Poor contrast enhancement is atypical in CD

    Compatibilidad patrón-variedad en frutales de hueso

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    ? Pags.- Tesis Univ. Lleida realizada por la autora, bajo la codirección de las Dras. María Ángeles Moreno y Yolanda Gogorcena (EEAD-CSIC), durante su estancia predoctoral en la EEAD-CSIC. Lectura en la Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Agraria de Lleida.La utilización de distintas especies como patrones para frutales de hueso, junto al gran dinamismo y la rápida renovación varietal de estas especies, obliga a determinar lo más precozmente posible el comportamiento patrón-variedad en relación con la compatibilidad de injerto. La incompatibilidad patrón-variedad es un problema grave, dado que árboles en plena producción pueden romperse por la unión o también presentar serias anomalías vegetativas y falta de crecimíento, lo que supondria la pérdidas de la plantación frutal y los daños económícos consiguientes. En el presente trabajo se contempló como prímer objetivo determinar el grado de compatibílidad que presentan una serie de patrones pertenecientes al género Prunus para su utilización con varías especies frutales de hueso: melocotonero y nectarína [Prunus persíca (L.) Batsch], albaricoquero (Prunus armeniaca L.) y ciruelo (Prunus domestica L., Prunus salicina Lindl.). Como segundo objetivo, se planteó el ensayo de tres métodos para el diagnóstico precoz de la incompatibílidad de injerto: estudio histológico, actividad de peroxidasas y perfil izo-enzimático de peroxidasas. El último objetivo fue el estudio de la relación patrón -variedad en el caso de compatibilidad e incompatibilidad de injerto, además del estudio del efecto de la incompatibilidad traslocada sobre algunos parámetros fisiológicos del árbol. El estudio del grado de compatibilidad o incompatibilidad se realizó, en primer lugar, mediante el diagnóstico visual de los posibles casos de incompatibilidad 'traslocada' durante el primer periodo vegetativo de la variedad injertada en vivero. El estudio de la incompatibilidad del tipo 'localizada', se realizó posteriormente mediante el examen de la estructura interna de las uniones de injerto, tras el serrado longitudinal de las mismas.Para ello, se analizaron numerosas combinaciones patrón-variedad, con árboles de distintas edades procedentes de viveros experimentales, de la Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (CSIC). Se encontraron diferencias de expresión de los diferentes tipos de incompatibilidad. Mientras que la incompatibilidad 'traslocada' se manifestó exclusivamente con variedades de melocotonero, la incompatibilidad 'localizada' se presentó con variedades de las tres especies en estudio. No obstante, en el caso de melocotonero, la incompatibilidad 'localizada' podría ser una consecuencia de las anomalías fisiológicas de la incompatibilidad 'traslocada'. Este estudio permitió también clasificar los distintos grupos de patrones según su compatibilidad con las variedades injertadas y el comportamiento individual para cada uno de ellos. Entre los patrones evaluados, los ciruelos de crecimiento lento presentaron, en general, un buen comportamiento, desde el punto de vista de la compatibilidad, y una polivalencia con las tres especies estudiadas. Por el contrario, los ciruelos de crecimiento rápido mostraron una mayor frecuencia de incompatibilidad de injerto con melocotonero y albaricoquero. El estudio histológico de la zona de unión, para combinaciones compatibles e incompatibles, reveló la posibilidad de diagnosticar la incompatibilidad a los 5 meses del injerto, en las tres especies frutales estudiadas. Los caracteres más significativos de la expresión de dicha incompatibilidad fueron: desorganización del cambium, falta de su diferenciación en tejido vascular, acumulación de fenoles en las células del cambium, y degeneración del tejido vascular.Asimismo, el estudio de la actividad de peroxidasas en la zona de injerto, en periodo de dormancia y de desarrollo vegetativo, mostró un aumento de la actividad de dichas enzimas en las combinaciones incompatibles y para las diferentes especies estudiadas. El perfil de las iso-enzimas de peroxidasas de material vegetal no injertado reveló una banda común entre variedades de melocotonero y patrones compatibles con dichas variedades y, por el contrario, su ausencia en el perfil de los patrones incompatibles. Esto supone la implicación de estas enzimas en los procesos de desarrollo de la incompatibilidad 664 . Este resultado no se observó con las otras especies estudiadas (albancoquero y ciruelo). La incompatibilidad traslocada provocó una distribución anormal de los carbohidratos y una deficiencia nutricional en el árbol. Se observó una acumulación anormal del sorbitol y de la sacarosa, así como una deficiencia en macroelementos, y en Mn y Cu en la variedad injertada, así como la disminución del almidón de las raices. Esta deficiencia nutricional podría ser una consecuencia de las anomalias en la distribución de los carbohidratos en el árbol. Por otra parte, el patrón tuvo tambíén un efecto significativo sobre la nutrición mineral, vigor y productividad de la variedad ínjertada, en el caso de buena compatibilidad patrón-variedad. La buena relación patrón-variedad, desde el punto de vista de.su compatibilidad, así como por presentar un balance nutricional más adecuado, parece ser determinante sobre el vigor y la productividad de la variedad Injertada.Peer reviewe

    Graft compatibility between peach cultivars and Prunus rootstocks

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    26 Pags.- 1 Fig.- 3 Tabls. The definitive version is available at: http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/Trials were established at Aula Dei Experimental Station (EEAD-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain) to assess graft compatibility between peach cultivars [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] and new Prunus spp. rootstocks or selections. Peach cvs. 'Catherina' and 'Tebana' and nectarine cvs. 'Big Top' and 'Summergrand' were grafted on peach seedlings, plum rootstocks, almond x peach hybrids, and other interspecific rootstocks. Part of the evaluated material belongs to the EEAD-CSIC selection program, which has showed good adaptation to Mediterranean growing conditions. Other rootstocks such as Bruce, Evrica, Hiawatha, Ishtara, Tetra, and Krymsk-1 have been recently introduced in Spain. A peach and a plum source, GF 677 and Adesoto 101, respectively, were used as compatible reference rootstocks. Both are widely used for peach and nectarine production in the Mediterranean area.Financial support was provided by Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnologia (AGL2002-4219 and AGL2005-05533 projects) and by a fellowship granted to O. Zarrouk from the Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional (AECI).Peer Reviewe

    Comportamiento de diferentes patrones con variedades de melocotonero: influencia en la concentración mineral de flores y hojas

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    13 Pag., 2 Tabl.[ES] Se determinó la concentración de elementos minerales en flores y hojas de las variedades ‘Queen Giant’ y ‘Tebana’ [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], injertadas sobre seis patrones híbridos almendro x melocotonero. El ensayo se estableció en un suelo pesado y calizo, con riego por inundación. Los elementos analizados fueron: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu y Na. Se observó una clara influencia del patrón sobre la nutrición mineral, tanto en flores como en hojas. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre la concentración floral y foliar de Fe, P y Zn. La relación entre el Fe en flores y en hojas es interesante para un diagnóstico más temprano del estado nutricional de hierro en suelos calizos. También se observaron correlaciones significativas entre la concentración foliar de clorofila y la de K, Mn, Zn y Na en hojas, así como con la de Fe y Na en flores. La variedad ‘Queen Giant’ mostró más diferencias significativas que ‘Tebana’ en la nutrición mineral entre patrones. Considerando el índice 2D0P para ‘Queen Giant’, el patrón Felinem mostró un mayor desequilibrio nutricional comparado con Adarcias, Cadaman, Garnem y GF 677. El patrón Adafuel no difirió significativamente de todos los patrones estudiados.[EN] Flower and foliar mineral element concentration of the nectarine ‘Queen Giant’ and the peach ‘Tebana’ [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] grafted oil six peach x almond hybrids rootstocks were determined during one season. The orchard was located on a calcareous clay-loam soil, which was level-basin irrigated. The mineral elements analysed weie: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Na. Rootstock influence on mineral nutrient uptake was observed in flowers and leaves. The Fe, P and Zn concentrations in flowers and leaves were significantly correlated. The correlation between leaf and flower Fe concentration shows interest to predict Fe status, early in the season, in calcareous soils. In addition, the chlorophyll concentration was significantly correlated with the foliar concentration of K, Mn, Zn and Na, as well as with flower concentration of Fe and Na. ‘Tebana’ cultivar exhibited less significant differences on mineral uptake among rootstocks than ‘Queen Giant’. For the latter cultivar, Felinem rootstock showed the worst balanced nutritional values (DOP index) compared with those of the other rootstocks, except Adafuel.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por la Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología (proyecto AGL 2002-4219-C02-01) y por la Diputación General de Aragón (Proyecto A28). O. Zarrouk ha disfrutado de una beca predoctoral de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional (AECI).Peer reviewe
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